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T Back to Glossary                < Go to S                Go to U > Transcription Translation Transcription The process by which information stored in a gene on a DNA molecule is copied onto a molecule of RNA. After editing within the nucleus of the cell, this messenger RNA then leaves the nucleus and will guide protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Translation The process by which the information in a messenger RNA molecule is…

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homeostasis

Homeostasis Back to General Themes Questions Received: In what way do plasma proteins act as buffers? Will a deficiency in plasma proteins produce alterations of acid base balance? How long ago was nitric oxide discovered? Is it a substance that has been re-discovered and likely to be used as a form of treatment? If so for what forms of disease? How do the skeletal, muscle and integumentary systems interact to preserve…

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U Back to Glossary                < Go to T                Go to V > Ulcer Urethra Urinary Bladder Urine Ulcer An ulcer is a persistent, crater-like lesion of the skin or an internal mucous membrane that may be linked with a variety of physical, inflammatory, infectious, and malignant factors. There are of course many different named types of ulcer, ranging from external ulcers such as pressure sores and leg ulcers to internal ulcers…

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Y

Y Back to Glossary                < Go to X                Go to Z > Y-Linked Yolk Sac Y-Linked Related to a gene or genes located on the Y-chromosome. Yolk Sac Part of the embryo. A sac-like structure continuous with the endodermal layer. In mammalian embryos no yolk is present. The yolk sac is a source of blood cells and primordial germ cells. Back to Glossary                < Go to X                Go to Z >

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handwashing

  questions received: How long should a pre-operative scrub take, by scrubbing practitioners and surgeons? How effective is hand-washing, and could the practice be improved? Why is handwashing so important in nursing?   responses: How long should a pre-operative scrub take, by scrubbing practitioners and surgeons? 10th September 2025 Surgical handwashing or scrubbing should take at least 5 minutes before the first procedure of the day (Garner and Favero, 1985). Scrubs…

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fluidadmin

Fluid Administration Back to Nursing Practice Questions Received: Is there any evidence of benefit, and what is the physiology of sub-cut fluid administration of such fluids to immobile eldery patients? Over what length of time can sub-cut fluids be used where the patient is unable to tolerate oral thickened fluids? At what point should long-term parenteral feeding be considered? Hello, I am a student nurse, could you help me please understand…

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haemoglobin

Diagrammatic representation of a haemoglobin molecule: the four globin components (two alpha chains and two beta chains) are shown in blue, turquoise, green, and yellow, and the four haeme groups are shown in red with the iron atoms in purple.  

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pre-eclampsia

question received   Is there any relation between heat shock proteins and physiopathology of pre-eclampsia in women?   response Is there any relation between heat shock proteins and physiopathology of pre-eclampsia in women? (21st March 2025) There is indeed evidence that heat-shock proteins are produced by the placenta and decidual tissues and that they have a physiological role, but it is not yet clear what contribution they make (if any) to…

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biorhythms

  questions received: To what, if any, extent is the pineal gland linked to depression and sunlight deprivation? We know that the body temperature changes slightly during the day – diurnal variations, but what mechanisms trigger these slight fluctuations? How do biorhythms affect industrial safety?   responses: To what, if any, extent is the pineal gland linked to depression and sunlight deprivation? 14th May 2025 The pineal helps to regulate our…

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tail_bud

Tailbud Back to Pre-Natal Development Question Received: Why does the human embryo have a tail? Answer Why does the human embryo have a tail? 5th March 2024 “Why” questions are especially difficult to answer, but often the most interesting! The answer in this case is probably “evolution”, but we shall need to understand some of the background issues first to see why. Yes, the human embryo has an obvious tail region…

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homeostasis

homeostasis

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handwashing

handwashing

fluidadmin

fluidadmin